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Swallow-worts
COMMON NAME:
Swallow-wortsSCIENTIFIC NAME:
Cynanchum spp.ORIGIN:
EuropeDESCRIPTION:
Pale and black swallow-worts are herbaceous, perennial, twining vines. Their leaves are opposite and glossy, and their seed pods are smooth, slender and pointed, which are abundant in late summer. Pods split open, releasing innumerable downy seeds that are easily carried miles by wind. Pale and black swallow-worts are very similar and are hard to distinguish except by flower characteristics. Both species flower in late May through late August. Pale swallow-wort (Cynanchum rossicum) has small maroon to pale pink flowers with 5 hairless, triangular petals that are twice as long as they are wide. Black swallow-wort (Cynanchum louiseae) has small dark purple flowers with 5 pointed, downy, triangular petals that are the same length as their width.HABITAT:
This plant will thrive in a wide range of soil, moisture and light conditions and is found in many habitats, including woodlands, fields and roadsides.THREAT:
Swallow-wort vines choke out large areas of favorable species and can interfere with forest regeneration. Toxic chemicals in the plant make it poor forage for deer and other wildlife, including monarch butterflies which will sometimes lay their eggs on these plants, but their larvae do not survive.MANAGEMENT:
Individual plants or small infestations can be dug out by hand, although this appears to be more effective for black swallow-wort which has less robust roots. When cut, swallow-worts re-sprout vigorously, making mowing ineffective. Herbicides may be effective, however the milky sap within the plant make them less susceptible to herbicides. Multiple treatments over time will be necessary for control.
WNY PRISM PRIORITY:
Tier 4 - Local Control
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:
Swallow-wort is a prohibited species in New York State - for more information on Prohibited and Regulated Species, visit http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/99141.html.
NYS Prohibited and Regulated Species - Part 575:
PATHWAYS OF INVASION:
Pale and black swallow-wort were introduced as an ornamental plant. Swallow-wort spreads through its wind dispersed seeds; a single plant can produce up to 2,000 seeds per year.
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION:
Common
MAP (via iMapInvasives):
This map shows confirmed observations (green points) submitted to the NYS Invasive Species Database. Absence of data does not necessarily mean absence of the species at that site, but that it has not been reported there. For more information, please visit iMapInvasives.